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Showing posts with label Histories. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Histories. Show all posts

Thursday, February 19, 2009

The MacColman Family

EXTRACT: “Miscellanea Scotica, A Collection of Tracts Relating To The History,Antiquities,Topography, And Literature of Scotland.” Vol. IV, By Henry Maule, Published by John Wylie & co.,Glasgow, 1820. [p. 284]



An

Account

Of The

MacColmans

The ancestor of the MacColmans was Colman, third son to Anselan, third of that name, and seventh laird of Buchanan, being brother to Gilbert, who first assumed the surname of Buchanan, and to Methlan, ancestor of the MacMillans. Colman was an ordinary Christian name of old in this kingdom; as, for instance, Colman, bishop of Lindisfarn in Northumberland, and afterwards abbot of Icolmkill, in the reign of king Ferquhard I. Also one of the Scottish nobility, who made an oration against concluding the league with France, in the reign of Achaius.
The time and cause of this Colman’s son’s going to Argyllshire is not very evident, but it seems very probable to be in the reign of king Alexander III. within a short space of his cousin MacMillan’s going into that country, whose good reception there might have been the principal motive of his cousin MacColman’s following him.
The only written document I find relating to the MacColmans is a charter, or life-rent-right, granted by Duncan MacPharlane, of part of his lands, to Christian Campbell, daughter to Sir Colin Campbell of Lochow his lady, dated in the year 1395, and in the reign of king Robert III. The trustees employed by Sir Colin to see this right completed, were John Campbell, dean of Argyll, and John MacColman.
I had an account of the MacColmans transmitted to me by that judicious and learned gentleman, the reverend Mr. Alexander MacColman, minister of Lismore and Appin, which justly deserves the greater regard and credit, seeing it exactly agrees with that sent me by MacMillan of Dunmore, near the same time, in relation to his clan, as also with a written document, which came not to my hands several years after receipt of the said account. That delivered me by Mr. Alexander MacColman concerning the origin of that sept, asserts, that the ancestors of the MacMillans and MacColmans were brethren of him who first assumed the surname of Buchanan, though the same be not testified by any written document, but by a continued and inviolable tradition handed down from one generation to another, with which they are satisfied, always cheerfully acknowledging their original descent to be of the family of Buchanan, though they cannot so very distinctly tell the manner and circumstances of the same.
There is also a very great evidence of the MacColmans’ blood-relation to the name of Buchanan, from this, that notwithstanding of the great distance betwixt the respective residences of these two names, and upon that account the seldomness of their mutual converse, or correspondence with one another, yet they have the same inviolable love and entire respect for the name of Buchanan, that they have for one another of their nearest relations, although no preceeding acquaintance or good offices intervene.
Moreover, although the MacColmans have resided in Mucarn, and other adjacent places in Argylleshire, upwards of four hundred years, yet they never gave any bond of Manrie, or other acknowledgement, to, or had the least dependence upon, any person or clan in these parts, though there is no other sept in the same circumstances in all those countries, but what are obliged to give some such bond or acknowledgement. The principal places in which these reside are in Mucarn, and Benedera loch in Upper Lorn, in the shire of Argyll. The men of best account of them are Mr. John MacColman, son to the said Mr. Alexander, who hath a little interest in Lismore; also another Mr. John, brother to the same Mr. Alexander, who hath ten sons, all men of good repute.
Besides these, there are sixty effective men of that name in these parts.
There is another sept of these MacColmans in Kintail, in the earl of Seaforth’s land, descended of one Mr. Murdo, (or, as the Irish term it,) Murcho MacColman, who went from Argyllshire into that country, near two hundred years ago. These are termed in Irish MacAmhaisdirs, or Mastersons, but term themselves in English Murchisons, from Murcho, their ancestor’s ancient name. The principal man of these is Murchison of Ouchtertyre, in the parish of Locheilg in Kintail. These term themselves Dowes when in the Lowlands, and assert the Dowes upon Forth and other places to be descended of them, which Dowe of Arnhall, the principal person of that name, in a great measure owned, there being upon that account great intimacy betwixt the late laird of Buchanan and him; but both their estates being gone to other families, through want of male issue, that correspondence betwixt the two names is ceased.


Wednesday, February 18, 2009

Clan Buchanan




Extract: “The Scottish Nation ; or The Surnames, Families,Literature, Honours And Biographical History of the People of Scotland,” By William Anderson ; A.Fullarton & Co., Edinburg and London, 1862. Vol. 1 , p. 459

Buchanan, a surname belonging to a numerous clan in Stirlingshire, and the country on the north side of Loch Lomond. The reputed founder of the Buchanans was Anselan, son of O’Kyan, king of Ulster in Ireland, who is said to have been compelled to leave his native country, by the incursions of the Danes, and take refuge in Scotland. He landed, with some attendants, on the northern coast of Argyleshire, near the Lennox, about the year 1016, and having, according to the family tradition, in all such cases made and provided, lent his assistance to King Malcolm the Second in repelling his old enemies the Danes, on two different occasions of their arrival in Scotland, he received from that king for his services, a grant of land in north Scotland. The improbable character of this genealogy is manifested by its farther stating that the aforesaid Anselan married the heiress of the lands of Buchanan, a lady named Dennistoun; for the Dennistouns deriving their name from lands given to a family of the name of Danziel, [ see Dennistoun, surnamre of,] who came into Scotland with Alan the father of the founder of the abbey of Paisley, and the first dapifer, seneschal, or steward of Scotland, no heiress of that name could have been in Scotland until after the period here referred to. It is more probable that a portion of what afterwards became the estate of Buchanan formed a part of some royal grant as being connected with the estates of the earls of Lennox, whom Skene and Napier have established to have been remotely connected with the royal family of the Canmore line, and to have been in the first instance administrators, on the part of the crown, of the lands which were afterwards bestowed upon them.

The name Buchanan is territorial, and is now that of a parish in Stirlingshire, which was anciently called Inchcaileoch, (‘old woman’s island,’) from an island of that name in Loch Lomond, on which in earlier ages there was a nunnery, and latterly the parish church for a century after the Reformation. In 1621 a detached part of the parish of Luss, which comprehends the lands of the family of Buchanan, was included in this parish, when the chapel of Buchanan was used for the only place of worship, and gave the name to the whole parish.

Regarding the etymology of Buchanan (or, as it was formerly spelled, Bouchannane) the following curious passage occurs in Bleau’s Atlas, published in Holland in 1658: “Buchanan qui ont de belles Signeuries sur la riviere d’Aneric du coste du Midi, et sur le lac de Leimond du coste du l’occident, l’une desquelles appartient au chef de la famille, qui s’appelle vulgairment Buchanan, laquelle a donne le nom a toute la maison: le mot, qui signifie une possession, est compose, et veut dire un terroir bas et proche des eaux, car Much on Buch signifie un lieu bas Annan de l’eau; et en effect il est ainsi,” &c. [Tome vi. Pp. 96,07.] We have not a doubt that the name Buchanan has the same origin as the word Buchan (see ante, p. 458), being its diminutive of Buchanino or Buquhanino, the little Buquhan or cattle-growing district.

Anselan (in the family genealogies styled the third of that name) the seventh laird of Buchanan, and the sixth in descent from the above-named Irish prince, but not unlikely to be the first of the name, which is Norman French, is dignified in the same records with the magniloquent appellation of seneschal or chamberlain to Malcolm the first earl of Levenax (as Lennox was then called). He and two of his sons, Gilbert and Methlen, are witnesses to a charter granted by the same earl to Gilmore son of Maoldonich, of the lands of Luss, in the reign of King Alexander the Second, a nobleman of no great influence or power, descended from administrators of one of the abthaneships of Dull, or royal lands reverting to the crown by demise of younger branches, in which charter they are more correctly designed the earl’s clients or vassals. In 1225, this Anselan obtained from the same earl a charter of a small island in Lochlomond called Clareinch, witnesses Dougal, Gilchrist, and Amalyn, the earl’s three brothers, the name of which island afterwards became the rallying cry of the Buchanans. The same Anselan is also mentioned as a witness in a charter granted by the earl of Lennox of the lands of Dalmanoch in mortification to the old church of Kilpatrick, by the designation of Absalon de Buchanan, Absalon being the same as Anselan. He had three sons, viz. Methlen, ancestor of the MacMillans ; Colman, ancestor of the MacColmans ; and his successor Gilbert.

His eldest son, Gilbert, or Gillebrid, appears to have borne the surname of Buchanan. There is a charter of confirmation of that of Clareinch, and some other lands of Buchanan, granted in favour of this Gilbert by King Alexander the Second in the seventeenth year of his reign, and of our Lord 1281. The same Gilbert is also witness to a charter, by Malcolm earl of Lennox, to the abbot and monks of Paisley, dated at Renfrew in 12 74. [Chartulary of Dumbartonshire ]

Wednesday, January 23, 2008

Confederados of Spanish Honduras







Confederate refugees and their families arrive in Spanish Honduras.


This photo by E. Coleman, Jr., 1996, was taken of a section of a mural that commemorates the event. The mural is located in The Museum of History and Anthropology in San Pedro Sula, Honduras.



"My father and a group of friends went to Honduras after the Civil War, in which he fought all four years in the First Georgia Cavalry. I have his sword. After Sherman's march through Georgia, when he burned and destroyed everything in our part of the state (around Kennesaw Mt. And Marietta), things were very bad, and this group of young soldiers and their families decided to go to Honduras. Others went to Brazil." Laura Kolb (Coleman) Kingsbery, (1884-1971)


Following its defeat in the Southern War for Independence, the South was in economic ruin. Poverty, lawlessness and fears of an occupying Union Army caused great anxiety among the Southern people. There were those who were angry and bitter of the South's loss and others were on a quest for adventure. For many reasons, Confederate exiles from across the Southern United States began an exodus to various countries of Latin America. Among those countries that offered refuge, freedom, and economic opportunity were Brazil, British Honduras (Belize), Mexico, Spanish Honduras (The Republic of Honduras), and Venezuela. The subject of this essay concerns those Confederate emigrants and refuges of the Republic Of Honduras known also as Spanish Honduras.

Having previously planted a Confederate colony in Mexico, Major Green Malcolm of McNairy’s Tennessee Cavalry now planed to set up a system of plantations, modeled after those in the Mississippi River Delta, along the rivers of the interior of Spanish Honduras. Organizing and setting out from Atlanta, Georgia in the Spring of 1867; his colony of thirty Confederate families, seventy in all, made their way to New Orleans where they booked passage to Spanish Honduras.


Despite their difficulties, upon arrival at Fortress Omoa, near Puerto Cortes, Major Malcolm led his colony of Southern refugees into the interior of Honduras where at Comayagua, Honduras he met with representatives of the Republic and presented a letter for President Medina of the Republic of Honduras explaining their reasons for emigration and an offer of services in exchange for citizenship, certain considerations and concessions.

“GENTLEMEN: The undersigned respectfully submits to your consideration that on the 10th of April, after a passage of ten days, I arrived in the city of Omoa with seventy souls, emigrants to your beautiful land. These persons consist of men, women and children who are what might be termed the forerunners of perhaps thousands of the best citizens of the Southern States, of the United States. We wish to make this our home.
To find in this that which we have lost in our own native land, liberty.
To make this what our country was before it was destroyed by our enemies.
Our desire is to become citizens of the Republic at once, to be a part of your people, to claim your protection, to defend you with our lives from foreign invasion, and to do our whole duty to our adopted country.
In coming among you we would state that on account of our recent great misfortunes, many of us are greatly impoverished, and without going into further preliminary remarks, would give this as our reason for asking you to grant the following privileges and donations. ...With the highest consideration, I am gentlemen, your obedient servant.

(Signed)
G. MALCOLM.Comayagua, Honduras, C.A., May 3, 1867.”

The concessions listed below were requested by the Confederate colony and were included in Major Malcolm’s letter to the government of Honduras on May 3rd, 1867.

1st. A grant of land as indicated in the accompanying map.

2nd. A free port at Port Acabellos for three years, for the exclusive benefit of the colony.

3rd. The exclusive navigation of the rivers Chamilicon, Ulua, and their tributaries for ten years.

4th. The right to build roads through public or private lands for the benefit of the Colony and Government.

5th. The right to construct aqueducts and bring water through our and adjacent lands.

6th. The exemption from taxation for two years from the day of arrival.

7th. The privilege of enacting our own municipal regulations in conformity with the laws of the Republic.

8th. The privilege of organizing our city adjacent to San Pedro, separately from that town and naming it the city of Medina.

9th. The exclusive privilege of establishing manufactories for the manufacture of woolen and cotton goods in the Republic for ten years.

10th. The exclusive privilege of introducing for five years, wagons, buggies and carriages, the common sense sewing machine, washing machines of all descriptions with machines for making tin-ware.

11th. The privilege of distilling liquors from the productions of our farms. The privilege of planting and harvesting all seeds in our colony, and introducing the still known as the Log Still.

12th. The privilege of introducing for eight years the circular saw mill run by steam or water, planing machines and shingle machines.The above we acknowledge appears liberal and we would not have you think us asking too much, for we by these privileges and grants, desire and are determined as far as possible to use them to the improvement, development and welfare of thecountry as well as ourselves. ....G. Malcolm.

In reply to Major Malcolm’s letter on behalf of the Confederate colony, permission to settle in Honduras and the following privileges and concessions were granted by President Medina and his Honduran government.


(Extract of document translated in English.)

The President, in whom resides the supreme executive power of the Republic of Honduras.Whereas, Mr. Green Malcolm, a native of the United States, for himself and in behalf of the various families of his nationality has presented a petition, soliciting permission to settle in the territory of the Republic, with the privileges of citizens of Honduras, and subjecting themselves to the laws now in force or that may hereafter be enacted in this country, with which intent they ask certain privileges and concessions.Considering That the Republic is in need of industrious Immigrants to develop the natural resources which abound in our country, and at the Legislative Decree of 23d February of last year authorises the Government to protect this class of enterprises;Therefore, now makes and decrees the following concessions:

1st. It is permitted to the honest and industrious Immigrants from the United States, of the South of North America, who have already come or may hereafter come to this country, to establish, in the District of San Pedro, Department of Santa Barbara, acommunity which shall bear the title of City of Medina.

2d. Besides the common use which the Municipality of San Pedro has granted to said Immigrants in its public lands, under the conditions laid down in the Act presented by Mr. Malcolm, and which the Government has approved, they are also granted thenational lands contiguous to those of San Pedro towards the south, and included within the following boundaries; the Chamilicon and the base of the mountains of the south-west of the said village of San Pedro, a delineation of which will be opportunely made.

3d. Port Cortes shall be free during three years, in order that the settlers of the city of Medina may introduce everything necessary for their consumption, and for the establishment of houses, manufactories, machinery, etc.

4th. Navigation by steam or horse power of the rivers Chamilicon, Ulua and its tributaries, shall be the exclusive privilege of said Immigrants for a period of eight years.

5th. They are also granted the following exclusive privileges:
(1) For ten years, the establishment of machines for manufacturing cotton, woolen and other fibrous goods, and for refining sugar.
(2) For eight years, the establishment of steam or water power mills, for sawing and planing lumber, also wash machines.
(3) The introduction during five years , of wagons, buggies, carriages, the sewing machine known as the Common Sense Sewing Machine,the machine for making tin-ware and the still known as the Log Still,for the distillation of spirituous liquors, and the sale of the same, under the regulations relative to this branch

6th. They shall have the right of constructing roads over national lands, or lands of private persons, for the benefit of themselves and of the Government, and to construct aqueducts to conduct water for the irrigation of their lands.

7th. The settlers of the city of Medina, shall be exempt from military service and forced contributions during two years from their arrival.

8th. They shall have the right to elect for their government, and in conformity with the laws of the Republic, a municipal body; and may, in the meantime, and until they number 500 persons, be ruled by a Governor and a Judge of the Peace whom they shall elect from among themselves, those officers being subordinate, the former to the Governor of Santa Barbara, and the latter to the Judge in the First Instance of Omoa.

9th. They shall have the right to make their own rules and regulations for the internal government of the community, in conformity with the laws of the Republic, and shall submit these to the approbation of the Congress, or the Supreme Executive Power.

10th. The articles which said settlers may ship in the ports of the Republic shall be free from all export duty during a period of eight years.

These concessions shall in no manner operate to the prejudice of the projected Inter-Oceanic Railroad; for, whateverprivileges have been, or may hereafter be granted to the latter, shall be an exception to the present concessions. Let it be understood: that the privileges before mentioned relative to the establishment of machines, shall be confined to the departments of Santa Barbara, Gracies, and Comayagua; excepting for the machine for manufacturing cloths, which shall extend to the whole Republic. If within three years the number of persons within the city now to be founded does not ascend to five hundred at least, the privileges granted under this Act shall remain without effect; but, in such case the immigrants who may already be established shall have the right of property to suchportions of the land granted as shall be found under cultivation.Written in Comayagua, in the Government House, on the 8th dayof May, 1867.___J. Lopez, Ponseano Leiva.{seal} San Pedro, Jan. 29th, 1868.J. REYNAUD.

Soon after establishing their colony, it was decided to place the government of their local interests under the control of a council, in order to avoid the necessity of assembling the entire colony when any question of interest or expediency should arise likely to affect their welfare. At a public meeting, an election was held of the following representatives:

Major Malcolm as their presiding officer, L. G. Pirkle, H.H. Briers, George W. WaltersJ.H. Wade, and P. Goldsmith, Secy.

The above council stayed in office until February 18, 1868 and at that time a new council was elected of the following representatives:

Dr. G.P. Frierson, Presiding Officer, W.B. Tindle, Sr., D.P. Ferguson, L.G. PirkleG.A. Haralson, and A.J. Hill, Secry.

The group led by Major Greene Malcolm in 1867 was the first of approximately three waves of immigrants to follow. The first families of colony Medina included ex-Confederate soldiers and their families as well as Charles R. Follin, the American Consulate at Omoa who formed a close association with the colony and was considered as one of its members. Another who joined the colony was Wilhelm Bahr, a German born soldier of fortune who had the misfortune to have been serving in Emperor Maximilian's Army in Mexico and fled from that place after the regime's demise. There was also Captain Jose D. Perez of Santiago, Cuba, A Cuban Patriot, and the nephew of Generalissimo Maximo Gomez-Baez , Commander of the Cuban Liberation Army and an ally of Jose Marti. During my research, I have gathered the following names who were at one time members of Colony Medina:

Allen, Andrews, Barnes, Bahr, Beall, Becker, Briers, Caron, Coleman, Collier, Cunningham, Doubleday, Duffie, Ferguson, Follin, Frierson, Goldsmith, Grow, Haralson, Henderson, Hill, Higginbotham, HunterJohnes, Lubbe, Malcolm, McClellan, McCollum, Mitchell, Murphy, Pennington, Noren, Perez, Pierce, Pirkle, Porter, Schmidt, Skinner, Swett, Sylvester, Tanner, Thomas, Thompson, Tindle, Troy, Wade, Waller,Walters, Warren, Weinreich.

Major Malcolm would later be appointed Minister of Immigration by the government of the Republic of Honduras in order to facilitate their transition of new arrivals to the colony. The Confederados of Honduras or Southerners,as they called themselves, came from through out the Old South.
They established their colony adjacent to the town of San Pedro, (San Pedro Sula), and named it the city of Medina in honor of the President of the Republic. They were granted land upon which to build their farms, and given other considerations. They were granted permission to elect their own municipal council and establish regulations in conformity with the laws of the Republic for
their colony. Economic failure, disease, and other hardships took their toll andby 1870 many of these families left Honduras going their separate ways. Enough, however, stayed, became successful, and played an important role in the industrialization and modernization of the Republic. Eventually the city of Medina was absorbed by San Pedro Sula.

SOURCES:
(1) A Trip To British Honduras And To SAN PEDRO, REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS. By Charles Swett, New Orleans, 1868. Special collections, City Library, New Orleans, La.

(2) Biografia De San Pedro Sula: 1536-1954, by Rodolfo Pastor Fasquelle, San Pedro Sula, Honduras, c. 1989.

(3) Passenger Lists, US Customs, 1864-1870, Special Collections, Tulane University Library, New Orleans, La.

(4) Ship Departure Schedules, Advertisements in the New Orleans Times Picayune Newspaper,1866-1867. City Library, New Orleans, La.

(5) Letters of Laura Kolb (Coleman) Kingsbery, daughter of William Allen Coleman of the First Georgia Cavalry, a Confederate Veteran of The War Between The States from Carroll county, Georgia and an immigrant to Spanish, Honduras.
























Wednesday, September 12, 2007

The 1st Georgia Cavalry



An historical summary of the organisation and history of the 1st Georgia Cavalry.

The 1st Georgia Cavalry Regiment
Organisation:
The First Georgia Cavalry Regiment was formed at Rome, Georgia in the Fall of 1861. Companies: A, B, and C were mustered into Confederate service on March 4th, 1862. Company B was recruited in Meriwether county, Company C recruited in Floyd county, Company E recruited in Carroll county was mustered into service in April 1862 and Company G: The Highland Rangers, was recruited in Lumpkin county.

First Commander: Colonel James J. Morrison
Field Officers:
Samuel W. Davitte (Maj., Lt. Col., Col.)
Armistead R. Harper (Lt. Col.)
James H. Strickland (Lt. Col.)
John W. Trench (Maj.)
George T. Watts (Lt. Col.)

Unofficial Names by which the Regiment was known:
James J. Morrison's Cavalry Samuel W. Davitte's Cavalry A.R. Harper's Cavalry James H. Strickland's Cavalry George T. Watt's Cavalry John W. Trench's Cavalry M.A. Haynie's Cavalry William M. Tumlin's Cavalry V.J. Reynolds'Cavalry

Historical Overview:
After being mustered into service, the 1st Georgia Cavalry moved to Chattanooga, Tennessee, and from there to Knoxville. It was assigned to the Department of East Tennessee until the end of 1862, and then joined the Army of Tennessee, serving in that Army until late 1863. It returned to service in the Department of East Tennessee and then rejoined the Army of Tennessee. In 1865, the 1st Georgia Cavalry served in the Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida and then returned to the Army of Tennessee.

Major Commands of Assignment:

Unattached, Department of East Tennessee ;December 1861.

Leadbetter's Brigade, Department of East Tennessee [detachment] May-Jun. 1862.

Unattached, Department of East Tennessee [detachment] May-Jun. 1862.

Allston's Cavalry Brigade, Department of East Tennessee, Jun.-Oct. 1862.

Scott's - Pegram's Cavalry Brigade, Department of East Tennessee, Oct-Nov 1862.

Pegram's Brigade, Wheeler's Cavalry Division, Army of Tennessee, Nov. 1862-Jan. 1863.

Pegram's - Morrison's - Pegram's Brigade, Department of East- East Tennessee, Feb.- Jul. 1863.

Pegram's Cavalry Brigade, Army of East Tennessee, Department- of Tennessee, Jul. Aug. 1863.

Davidson's Brigade, Pegram's Division, Forrest's Cavalry Corps, Army of Tennessee, Aug. - Oct. 1863.

Morrison's Brigade, Martin's Division, Wheeler's Cavalry Corps, Army of Tennessee, Oct. - Nov. 1863.

Morrison's-Crews' Brigade, Martin's-Morgan's Division, Martin's Cavalry Corps, Department of East Tenn. ,Nov. 1863- Feb. 1864.

Crew's - Iverson's Brigade, Martin's Division, Wheeler's Cavalry- Corps, Army of Tennessee, Mar. - Nov. 1864.

Iverson's - Crew's Brigade, Martin's - Allen's Division, Wheeler's Cavalry-Corps, Department of SC, GA and FL Nov. 1864 - Feb. 1865.

Crew's Brigade, Allen's Division, Wheeler's Cavalry Corps, Hampton's Cavalry Command Feb. - Apr. 1865.

Crew's Brigade, Allen's Division, Wheeler's Cavalry Corps, Hampton's Cavalry Command, Army of Tennessee, April 1865.

Battle And Campaign Credits:
Murfreesboro, July 13, 1863. Nashville, July 21, 1862.

Big Hill, August 23, 1862. Murfreesboro, December 31, 1862 - January 3, 1863.

Pegram's Kentucky Raid, March - April, 1863.

Monticello Expedition, April 26 - May 12, 1863.

Chickamauga, September 19-20, 1863.

Siege of Chattanooga, September - November 1863. Philadelphia, October 20, 1863.

Siege of Knoxville, November - December 1863.

Atlanta Campaign, May - September 1864.

Siege of Atlanta, July - September 1864.

Sunshine Church, July 31, 1864.

Savannah Campaign, November - December 1864.

Carolinas Campaign, February - April 1865.

Unit Summery:
The First Georgia Cavalry participated in over one hundred and seventy-five engagements of various kinds during the War Between The States. It has been reported that less then fifty officers and men remained with this unit when it was finally surrendered by General Johnston. At the time of surrender, Officers and Men were paroled in accordance with the terms of a Military Convention entered into on April 26th, 1865, between General Joseph E. Johnston, Commanding Confederate Army, and Major General W.T. Sherman, Commanding United States Army in North Carolina.